RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE « JUST SAY NO TO RELIGION

RELIGIOUS VIOLENCE

Religious violence is a term whose use is generally very imprecise. It is commonly encountered in the media and popular discourse to cover a large variety of phenomena. Theoretically we could stipulate that any intersection of religion and violence may be termed religious violence. In practice an approach of this sort is rarely taken.

Generally, religious violence covers all phenomena where religion, in any of its forms, is either the subject or object of individual or collective violent behaviour. Concretely, it covers both violence by religious actors (religiously motivated individuals or religious institutions) against objects of any kind, be they of the same religion or not (including secular targets). The other case is of violence by actors of any kind (religious or not, individual or collective) against objects that are explicitly religious (religious institutions, the persecution of people on the basis of their religion, religious buildings or sites).

Religious violence, like all violence, is an inherently cultural process whose meanings are context-dependent. It may be worth noting that religious violence often tends to place great emphasis on the symbolic aspect of the act. If we emphasise religious violence as primarily the domain of the violent actor then we may distinguish individual and collective forms of violence.

Individual religious violence

Individual religious violence deals primarily with actions perpetrated by individuals acting on their own, often outside the context of wider society. Examples would include self-mutilatory behavior such as stigmata, whipping, flagellation, wearing thigh straps with nails and so forth. These kinds of acts may sometimes be characterised as deviant when they are radically different from prevailing social norms. When they are not radically different from prevailing norms, they are generally characterised not as religious violence but as a variety of ascetic religious practice.

Collective religious violence

Collective religious violence is what we more commonly picture when we think of religious violence. The term “collective” refers, in effect, to any violent activity that is perpetrated within the context of society, is legitimated by at least a subset of society or religion and always has a political dimension. Note that the term “collective” does not mean that a single individual cannot undertake collective religious violence – a single suicide bomber’s attack is collective just as much as the mass suicide in Jonestown.

In most instances, serious religious violence is perpetrated by individuals belonging to social groups whose religious zeal and conviction exceed that of an average member of the wider society, although milder forms, such as verbal abuse or ostracism, can be habitually practiced by larger communities. The range of religious violence is varied, and in its more serious forms it often involves illegal means (although in some instances, the use of religious violence can be sanctioned and even undertaken by the government), such as physical abuse and vandalism, and in more extreme cases, torture or murder. Religious terrorism is one form of religious violence; the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center are thus an extreme example of religious violence. In 1986, science fiction author Tom Ligon wrote (”The Devil and the Deep Black Void”) about a Muslim terrorist attempting to crash a spaceship into the earth. Human sacrifice and perhaps animal sacrifice are also forms of collective religious violence.

It’s worth noting that even though in many instances religion is used to justify violent behavior, the immediate motivations of the individuals involved may not be religious as such and the overall goals of such behavior may be cultural, personal or even economical. An example of this is the organized violence directed against black people during the American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968) – the Ku Klux Klan made a strong point of being a Christian organization and often used this to justify its active stance against desegregation and racial integration.

Some contrast religious violence with sectarian violence, conflict between different sects of a single religion. However, the difference between a sect and an independent religion is usually not well defined.

European Wars, Tyrants, Rebellions and Massacres (800-1700 CE)

Source: http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm

Before the rise of Hitler, Stalin, Pol Pot and the rest of the gang, these atrocities were the bywords of barbarism. Now that populations have gotten bigger and body counts have grown proportionally, they don’t seem that bad; however, this says more about us than it does about them.

Charlemagne (768-814 CE)
- Gibbon Decline & Fall v5, also Trager, People’s Chronology: 4,500 Saxon hostages beheaded (782 CE)
Wars of the Carolingian Succession
- Gibbon Decline and Fall v.5: 100,000 Franks
Crusades (1095-1291)
- Estimated totals:
  - Wertham: 1,000,000
  - Charles Mackay, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841): 2,000,000 Europeans killed. [http://www.bootlegbooks.com/NonFiction/Mackay/PopDelusions/chap09.html]
  - Aletheia, The Rationalist’s Manual: 5,000,000
- Individual Events:
  - Davies: Crusaders killed up to 8,000 Jews in Rhineland
  - Paul Johnson A History of the Jews (1987): 1,000 Jewish women in Rhineland comm. suicide to avoid the mob, 1096.
  - Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, v.5, 6
    - 1st Crusade: 300,000 Eur. k at Battle of Nice [Nicea].
    - Crusaders vs. Solimon of Roum: 4,000 Christians, 3,000 Moslems
    - 1098, Fall of Antioch: 100,000 Moslems massacred.
    - 50,000 Pilgrims died of disease.
    - 1099, Fall of Jerusalem: 70,000 Moslems massacred.
    - Siege of Tiberias: 30,000 Christians k.
    - Siege of Tyre: 1,000 Turks
    - Richard the Lionhearted executes 3,000 Moslem POWs.
    - 1291: 100,000 Christians k after fall of Acre.
    - Fall of Christian Antioch: 17,000 massacred.
    - [TOTAL: 677,000 listed in these episodes here.]
  - Catholic Encyclopedia (1910) [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/]
    - Jaffa: 20,000 Christians massacred, 1197
  - Sorokin estimates that French, English & Imperial German Crusaders lost a total of 3,600 in battle.
    - 1st C (1096-99): 400
    - 2nd C (1147-49): 750
    - 3rd C (1189-91): 930
    - 4th C (1202-04): 120
    - 5th C (1228-29): 600
    - 7th C (1248-54): 700
  - James Trager, The People’s Chronology (1992)
    - 1099: Crusaders slaughter 40,000 inhabs of Jerusalem. Dis/starv reduced Crusaders from 300,000 to 60,000.
    - 1147: 2nd Crusades begins with 500,000. “Most” lost to starv./disease/battle.
    - 1190: 500 Jews massacred in York.
    - 1192: 3rd Crusade reduced from 100,000 to 5,000 through famine, plagues and desertions in campaign vs Antioch.
    - 1212: Children’s Crusade loses some 50,000.
    - [TOTAL: Just in these incidents, it appears the Europeans lost around 650,000.]
- TOTAL: When I take all the individual death tolls listed here, weed out the duplicates, fill in the blanks, apply Occam (“Pluralitas non est ponenda sine necessitate”), etc. I get a very rough total of 1½ M deaths in the Crusades.
Albigensian Crusade (1208-49)
- Rummel: 200,000 democides
- Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History: 1,000,000
- Max Dimont, Jews, God, and History: 1,000,000 Frenchmen suspected of being Albigensians slain
- Michael Newton, Holy Homicide (1998): 1,000,000
- Individual incidents:
  - PGtH: 20,000 massacred in Beziers.
  - Ellerbe:
    - Beziers: 20-100,000
    - St. Nazair: 12,000
    - Tolouse: 10,000
  - Newton: 20-100,000 massacred in Beziers.
  - Sumption, Albigensian Crusade (1978): <5,000 k. by Inquisition [ca. 1229-1279]
Padua, Tyranny of Ezzelino da Romano (fl. 1237-1259)
- Colin Wilson, The Mammoth Book of the History of Murder: As ruler, 5,000 inhabitants of Padua executed. After loosing power, all but 200 of 10,000 Paduan POWs, executed.
Sicilian Vespers (1282)
- PGtH: 2,000 k. 1st day.
- Davies: 4,000 Fr. k. in Palermo
- Gibbon D&F6: 8,000 French
Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
- English + French battlefield losses: 185,250 (Sorokin)
- Total Loss:
  - Philip Pregill, Landscapes in History, 2d Ed.: Population of France began at ca. 19M; by end of 100 Yrs War, had declined by one-third. [i.e. loss of ca. 6.3 million]
  - Frederic J. Baumgartner, France in the Sixteenth Century: Population of France 20M in 1340, 10M a century later. [loss of 10 million]
  - Henry Heller, Labour, Science and Technology in France 1500-1620: 17M at beginning of 14th Century; 9M in 1440. [loss of 8 M]
  - NOTE: This period also includes the Black Death, so there’s no telling how much of this population decline was war-related, although all three of these sources specifically point the 100YW as a principle cause.
  - ANALYSIS: It’s usually said that the Black Death killed 1/3 of the affected populations, so we can guess that France should have lost 5.7M of Heller’s 17M or 6.3M of Pregill’s 19M or 6.7M of Baumgartens’ 20M to the plague alone. The difference between this and the actual population decline might then be attributed to the 100YW. This would mean the war may have killed 0.0M (Presgill) or 2.3M (Heller) or 3.3M (Baumg.)
West Europe (1348)
- Jews killed as scapegoats for Black Death
  - Trager, People’s Chronology: 2,000 hanged in Strasbourg
  - Davies: 2,000 in Strasbourg; as many as 12,000 in Mainz
  - Paul Johnson A History of the Jews (1987): 2,000 in Strasbourg; 6,000 in Mainz
France, Jacquerie Revolt (1358)
- PGtH: 7,000 peasant massacred in Meaux
England, Wat Tyler’s Rebellion (1381)
- PGtH: 1,500 peasants executed
General Religious Mayhem:
- From Aletheia, The Rationalist’s Manual (1897)
  - 7,000,000 during the Saracen slaughters in Spain.
  - 2,000,000 Saxons and Scandinavians lost their lives opposing the introduction of Christianity.
  - 1,000,000 in the Holy Wars against the Netherlands, Albigenses, Waldenses, and Huguenots.
Witch Hunts (1400-1800)
- Wertham: 20,000
- Jenny Gibbons [http://www.interchg.ubc.ca/fmuntean/POM5a1.html] cites:
  - Levack: 60,000
  - Hutton: 40,000
  - Barstow: 100,000, “but her reasoning was flawed” (i.e. too high.)
- Davies, Norman, Europe A History: 50,000
- Rummel: 100,000
- Bethancourt: The Killings of Witches, lists 628 named and 268,331 unnamed witches killed as of Dec. 2000, and estimates that between 20,000 and 500,000 people were killed as witches. [http://www.illusions.com/burning/burnwitc.htm?]
- M. D. Aletheia, The Rationalist’s Manual (1897): 9,000,000 burned for witchcraft.
- 5 Jan. 1999 Deutsche Presse-Agentur: review of Wolfgang Behringer’s Hexen: Glaube – Verfolgung – Vermarktung:
  - estimates cited favorably
    - Thomas Brady: 40-50,000
    - Merry Wiesner: 50-100,000
    - Behringer, at lowest: 30,000
  - estimates cited unfavorably
    - Gottfried Christian Voigt (1740-1791) extrapolated from his section of Germany to calculate 9,442,994 witches killed throughout Europe. From this came the common estimate of 9M.
    - Mathilde Ludendorff (1877-1966): 9M
    - Friederike Mueller-Reimerdes (1935): 9-10M
    - Erika Wisselinck: 6-13 Million
- MEDIAN: Of the 15 estimate listed here, the median is 100,000. If we limit it to just the ten estimates that are cited favorably, the median falls between 50,000 and 60,000.
England, War of the Roses (1455-85)
- Charles Carlton: Going to the Wars: The Experience of the British Civil Wars 1638-1651 (1992)
  - citing Thomas Craig in the 16th C.: 100,000
  - citing Thomas More: killed more English than the 100 yrs War
- Clodfelter: 105,000
- Terence Wise, The Wars of the Roses (1983): Tudor historians exaggerated death toll as propaganda
Vlad Dracula, Wallachia (r.1456-1462)
- PGtH: in all, 50,000-100,000 victims “impaled, tortured and killed”
- Florescu & McNally, Dracula: Prince of Many Faces: 100,000 k. (citing Bishop of Erlau, but questioning it.)
- Cecil Adams: 40-100,000 [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_131.html]
Spanish Inquisition (1478-1834)
- Cited in Will Durant, The Reformation (1957):
  - Juan Antonio Llorente, General Secretary of the Inquisition from 1789 to 1801, estimated that 31,912 were executed, 1480-1808.
  - In contrast to the high estimate cited above, Durant tosses his support to the following low estimates:
    - Hernando de Pulgar, secretary to Queen Isabella, estimated 2,000 burned before 1490.
    - An unnamed “Catholic historian” estimated 2,000 burned, 1480-1504, and 2,000 burned, 1504-1758.
- PGtH: 8,800 deaths by burning, 1478-1496
- Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (1910): 8,800 burnt in 18 years of Torquemada. (acc2 Buckle and Friedländer)
- Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic: 10,220 burnt in 18 years of Torquemada
- Britannica: 2,000
- Aletheia, The Rationalist’s Manual: 35,534 burned.
- Fox’s Book of Martyrs, Ch.IV: 32,000 burned
- Paul Johnson A History of the Jews (1987): 32,000 k. by burning; 20,226 k. before 1540
- Wertham: 250,000
- Rummel: 350,000 deaths overall.
- MEDIAN: 8,800 under Torq.; 32,000 all told.
- Punished by all means, not death.
  - Fox: 309,000
  - P. Johnson: 341,000
  - Motley: 114,401
Lisbon (1506)
- Trager, People’s Chronology: 2,000-4,000 converted Jews k. in riot.
Tudor England
- Henry VIII (r.1509-47)
  - Lacey Baldwin Smith, Treason in Tudor England (1986): total of 308 traitors executed, 1532-40
  - Holinshed, Description of England: 72,000 “great thieves, petty thieves, and rogues” hung under Henry. Traitors and enemies of the state are implicitly excluded from this total. [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1577harrison-england.html#Chapter XVII]
    - NOTE: Although it’s common to accuse Henry of 72,000 executions, the description of his victims sometimes drifts from common criminals to Catholics, and the venue from nationwide to just Tyburn gallows in London.
  - Rummel: 560 executions per year (i.e. ca. 21,840)
- Mary I (r.1553-58)
  - Lacey Baldwin Smith: 132 traitors executed under Q M
  - Morgan, Oxford History of Britain: >287 Protestants after 2/1555, and “others died in prison.”
- Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
  - Lacey Baldwin Smith: 183 traitors executed under Q E
  - Catholic Encyclopedia: 189 Catholics executed + 32 Franciscans were starved to death = 221 [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05445a.htm]
Peasants’ War, Hungary (1514)
- PGtH: >70,000 deaths in all
- Frederick Engels, The Peasant War in Germany: 60,000 peasants k. in battle or massacred towards end [http://csf.colorado.edu/psn/marx/Archive/1850-PWG/pwg3.html]
Germany, Knights’ War, von Sickingen (1519-1523)
- Wm Manchester, A World Lit Only By Fire: 250,000 Germans killed or executed
Peasants’ War, Germany (1524-25)
- Dict.Wars: 100,000 peasants slain in the war
- Eerdman’s Handbook to the History of Christianity (1977): 100,000
- Encyclopedia.com: 100,000 peasants k. [http://www.encyclopedia.com/articlesnew/35982.html]
- Wm Manchester, A World Lit Only By Fire: 100,000 peasants d.
- Douglas Miller: Armies of the German Peasants’ War 1524-26: 70-100,000 peasants
Ivan the Terrible, Russia, (r.1533-84)
- Novgorod Massacre, 1570: 60,000 people killed. (PGtH)
- Decimated boyars, “killing hundreds, probably even thousands” (Richard Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars 1559-1715)
- Henri Troyat, Ivan the Terrible
  - Toward the end of his life, Ivan drew up lists of all the victims he could remember and sent these to monasteries for prayers. One listed 3,148 people killed; another 3,750.
  - Novgorod Massacre (various estimates):
    - Kurbsky: 15,000
    - 3rd Chronicle of Novgorod: 18,000
    - Taube & Kruse: 27,000
    - 1st Chronicle of Pskov: 60,000
  - Troyat says that Ivan’s gang of special thugs, the oprichniki, numbered 6000, and lasted for seven years. My analysis: If each one killed at least one person every year (Very possible. They were a pampered, unregulated and thoroughly nasty bunch), that’s over 42,000 deaths.
- Rummel: 200,000 not incl. Novgorod.
Persecution of the Waldensians (1540-70)
- Halley’s Bible Handbook, 24th ed. (1965): 900,000 Protestants k.
Dutch Revolt (1566-1609)
- Gibbon Decline & Fall v2: 100,000 executed under Charles V, in Netherlands
- John Lothrop Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic (1855)
  - Alva boasted of 18,600 executions in Neth.
  - Sack of Antwerp (1576): 8,000 k
- Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (1910) [http://ebed.etf.cuni.cz/mirrors/ccel/ccel/s/schaff/history/2_ch02.htm#_edn54]
  - Dutch martyrs under the Duke of Alva: 50,000 (acc2 P. Sarpi) or 100,000 (acc2 Grotius)
- Britannica, 11th ed. (1911) “Alva”: Duke of Alva boasted of executing 18,000 persons in 6 years, not incl. k. battles and massacres.
- Eerdman’s Handbook to the History of Christianity (1977): 100,000 k. by Alva
- Halley’s Bible Handbook, 24th ed. (1965): 100,000 massacred under Charles V and Philip II
France, Religious Wars, Catholic vs. Huguenot (1562-1598)
- Robert J. Knecht The French Religious Wars, 1562-1598 (2000): Deaths during the wars estimated at 2M to 4M
St. Bartholomew’s Massacre, France (1572)
- Encarta hedges its bets by giving the death toll as 2 to 100 thousand.
- The 15th edition of Britannica (1992) does too: 2 to 70 thousand, although it explains that the low number comes from an unnamed “Catholic apologist”, while the high number comes from a contemporary Huguenot, Duke de Sully
- The 11th edition of Britannica (1911) was more certain: 50,000 in the whole of France
- Davies: 2,000 in Paris
- Catholic Encyclopedia: 2000 in Paris; 6000-8000 nationwide
- Richard Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars 1559-1715: 3,000 k in Paris, 10,000 k in provinces.
- Helen Ellerbe, The Dark Side of Christian History: 10,000
- Fox’s Book of Martyrs, Ch.IV: 10,000 in Paris; 6,000 in Rouen; 100,000 nationwide.
- Motley, Rise of the Dutch Republic: 5,000 k in Paris, 25,000-100,000 nationwide.
- Rummel: 36,000 democides
- Trager, People’s Chronology: 50,000
- MEDIAN: 3,000 in Paris; 36,000 nationwide
Russo-Tatar War (1571)
- Burning of Moscow by Tatars: Half million victims (Henri Troyat, Ivan the Terrible)
Spanish Armada (1588)
- PGtH: half of the 30,000 Spanish sailors, sailors etc. lost. 100 English KIA and 3,000 dead from food poisoning.
- VD Hanson: Carnage and Culture (2001): 20,000-30,000 d.
Russia, Time of Troubles (1598-1613)
- Duffy & Ricci, Czars: Russia’s rulers for over one thousand years: Population plummeted from 14M to 9M
Transylvania, Countess Elizabeth Bathory (1604-1611)
- PGtH: 650 girls killed for their blood.
- Cecil Adams: 610 [http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_131.html]
The Thirty Years War (1618-48)
- Population Loss
  - R.J. Rummel: 11.5M total deaths in the war (half democides)
  - Richard Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars 1559-1715: Empire was 7-8M fewer
  - C.V. Wedgwood, The Thirty Years War (1938): “The old legend that the population dropped from sixteen to four million people, rests on imagination: both figures are incorrect. The German Empire, including Alsace but excluding the Netherlands and Bohemia, probably numbered about twenty-one millions in 1618, and rather less than thirteen and a half millions in 1648. [A loss of 7½ million.] Certain authorities believe that the loss was less, but these are for the most part writers of a militaristic epoch, anxious to destroy the ugly scarecrow which throws so long a shadow over the glorious past.”
  - Alan McFarlane, The Savage Wars of Peace: England, Japan and the Malthusian Trap (2003): Population of Germany went from 21M to13.5M. [a loss of 7.5M]
  - Geoffrey Parker, The Thirty Years War (1984): The population declined from 20M to 16 or 17M — a loss of 3 or 4 million.
  - Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History “Germany” (1978): Population inside modern borders of Germany, 2M fewer.
  - MEDIAN: Of the six estimates of the overall loss of population, the median is 7½M.
- Military Deaths
  - Clodfelter: “one source” estimates 350,000 k. in battle
  - Urlanis
    - K. in Battle: 180,000
    - Military. Killed and died: 600,000
  - Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System: 2,071,000 battle d.
British Isles, 1641-52
- English Civil War
  - Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars: the experience of the British Civil Wars, 1638-1651 (1992)
    - England & Wales: 190,000
      - Total k. in recorded fights: 84,830
        
        Parliament: 34,130
        
        Royalist: 50,700
      - War-related diseases, soldiers & civilians: 100,000
      - Bishop’s Wars: 1,000
      - Accidents: ca. 500
      - (Thomas Hobbes est. 100,000 d. from fighting & disease.)
    - Scotland: 60,000
      - Total k. in recorded fights: 27,895
        
        Parliament: 16,245
        
        Royalist: 11,765
      - [Disease: ca. 30,000], incl. ca. 10,000 POWs who never came home
    - Ireland: 618,000 [see below for details.]
    - TOTAL: 868,000
  - Leslie Clarkson, Death Disease & Famine in Pre-industrial England (1975): 100,000 Englishmen, 1642-46 (citing another unnamed author, and doubting that this refers to battle deaths alone — must include deaths by all causes)
  - Sorokin: 50,500 battle losses, all sides, 1642-51
- Ireland
  - Charles Carlton, Going to the Wars (1992)
    - Petty’s 1672 estimate of dead in Ireland, covering 10/1641-10/1653:
      - Protestants d. by war, dis., malnu.: 112,000, incl. 37,000 massacred at outbreak. Carlton says that 37,000 is exaggeration by factor of 9 or 10.
      - Catholic d.: 504,000
      - Total: 618,000 [sic.]
  - R.F. Foster, Modern Ireland 1600-1972 (1988)
    - Irish population decline from 2.0M (ca. 1640) to 1.7M (1672) [i.e.: 300,000]
    - 1641: 4,000 k. in Ulster
  - Pitirim Sorokin:
    - The Sociology of Revolution (1967): 100,000 to 200,000 Irish massacred, 1651
    - Social and Cultural Dynamics, vol.3: 5,500 battle losses, 1649-52
  - Hirst, Authority & Conflict: England, 1603-1658 (1986): Ulster rebellion, 1641: 4,000 Protestants k. immediately + 8,000 refugees died in winter.
  - Morgan, Oxford History of Britain: Ulster rebellion, 1641: 3,000 Protestants k.
France, The Fronde (1648-53)
- Clodfelter: >50,000, only a fraction in battle
Poland (1648-54)
- Dnieper Cossack Rebellion under Chmielnicki: 100,000 Jews k. [Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews, also Lipman, http://www.jewishgates.org/history/jewhis/chmiel.stm]
- Clodfelter: 150,000-200,000 Jews k. in pogrom, Ukraine, 1648-49
England (17th C)
- LOC [http://lcweb.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel01-2.html]: 243 Quakers died in jail of mistreatment, 1652-80
Russia, (1667-71)
- Razin Rebellion in Volga area: 100,000 serfs d. (Richard Dunn, The Age of Religious Wars 1559-1715)
Franco-Dutch War (1672-78)
- Levy: 342,000
New England, King Philip’s War (1675-76)
- 1992 Britannica: 3,000 Indians and 600 settlers.
Habsburg-Ottoman War (1682-99)
- Clodfelter: 120,000 k.
- Levy: 384,000
Russia, Peter the Great (Pyotr Alekseyevich, r.1682-1721)
- Peter Neville, A Traveller’s History of Russia and the USSR
  - Worker deaths during the building of St. Petersburg: “[C]ontemporary estimates gave a figure of 100,000 dead which is an exaggeration, but a figure of 30,000 is quite probable.”
  - After 1699 revolt, 1,200 strelsky (musketeers) were killed.
War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97)
- Levy: 680,000
(For the 18th Century, see wars18c.htm
(For the 19th Century, see wars19c.htm)
(For the 20th Century, see warstat1.htm, et seq.)

2 Comments

Larry D
December 9, 2008 at 6:06 am

You total all those religious wars since the beginning and now with the last 100 only years add up the non-religious peoples acts of murders just 100 years I think you will get a clear picture of who to point fingers at..but I suppose we will just forget about it and continue the bashing ..

Reply
Larry D
December 9, 2008 at 6:10 am

Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong, Pol Pot produced the kind of mass slaughter that no Inquisitor could possibly match. Collectively these atheist tyrants murdered more than 75 million people These are atheists

Reply

JUST SAY NO TO RELIGION